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Pregnancy Problems More Likely With Baby Boys, Study Suggests FRIDAY, July 29, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Serious pregnancy complications are more likely when women are carrying baby boys, new research suggests. After analyzing more than half a million births in Australia, researchers said the baby's gender could be linked to the health of both mother and child. "The sex of the baby has a direct association with pregnancy complications," said study first author Dr. Petra Verburg, of the Robinson Research ...
Put Birth Control in Place Right After Childbirth TUESDAY, July 26, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Obstetrician-gynecologists should counsel pregnant women about use of long-acting reversible contraception, such as implants and IUDs, immediately after they give birth, a leading group of U.S. doctors says. The goal is to prevent accidental pregnancy or another pregnancy too soon, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) explained in its first clinical opinion on the subject. "We encourage...
Painkillers for Teen Athletes Won't Spur Addiction: Study MONDAY, July 25, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Teenage athletes are less likely to abuse prescription painkillers than kids who don't play sports or exercise, a new study finds. The study results run counter to some research in recent years detailing concerns about injured teen athletes abusing opioid painkillers prescribed by doctors and then moving on to use heroin. Dr. Wilson Compton, deputy director of the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse, sa...
People-Oriented Jobs May Help Lower Alzheimer's Risk SUNDAY, July 24, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Brain-challenging jobs -- especially ones focused on people -- may help shield a person's mind against the ravages of age-related dementia, a new study finds. People who work in jobs that task the intellect are better able to withstand the effects of brain lesions commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease, report researchers from the University of Wisconsin's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. That's part...
Pain Raises Risk of Opioid Addiction FRIDAY, July 22, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- The more pain they have, the more likely people are to become addicted to powerful prescription opioid painkillers, a new study suggests. "In light of the national opioid abuse epidemic, these new results underscore the importance of developing effective ... approaches to managing common painful medical conditions," said senior author Dr. Mark Olfson. He is a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University Medical Center in Ne...
Play 'Pokemon Go' Without Landing in the ER FRIDAY, July 15, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Here a Pokemon, there a Pokemon, everywhere a Pokemon! Just about every millennial seems to be out and about with a smartphone in pursuit of digital monsters via the "Pokemon Go" game. But players distracted by their smartphones risk injury from mishaps like walking into traffic or tripping over a curb. How can you be safe and still get a burst of activity by playing "Pokemon Go" in public places? The American Academy ...
Pedal Away From Type 2 Diabetes TUESDAY, July 12, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Opting for two wheels rather than four could lower your risk for type 2 diabetes, new research suggests. The study found that people who bike to work or regularly cycle for fun were less likely to get the illness. That was true even for those who started biking late in life, Danish researchers said. "Because cycling can be included in everyday activities, it may be appealing to a large part of the population. This includes people...
Pregnancy Flu Shot Protects Newborn for 8 Weeks: Study TUESDAY, July 5, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- A flu shot during pregnancy protects newborns against the flu for about two months after birth, a new study finds. Previous studies have shown that flu vaccination during pregnancy helps protect newborns. This study shows the length of protection is likely limited to the first eight weeks of life, said Marta Nunes, of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, and her co-authors. Rese...
Progress Against Heart Deaths Starting to Wane, Report Warns WEDNESDAY, June 29, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- America's war on heart disease and stroke may have suffered a setback. A new study warns that the rate of decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke has stalled. "It is likely that the dual epidemics of obesity and diabetes, which began around 1985, are the major contributors to the deceleration in the decline of cardiovascular disease, heart disease and stroke death rates," said lead researche...
Programs to Spot Painkiller Abuse Work, But Are Underused TUESDAY, June 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Programs to reduce prescription painkiller abuse are effective but underused, a new study suggests. Misuse of prescription pain medicines such as hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet), codeine and morphine is a major public health problem in the United States. An estimated 52 million Americans have abused a prescription drug at some point in their life, according to the U.S. National Ins...
Prothrombin Time Does this test have other names? Prothrombin time/PT, Pro time, Prothrombin time/International normalized ratio, PT/INR What is this test? The prothrombin time is one of several tests that evaluate whether your blood is clotting properly. Blood clotting, or coagulation, is needed to help stop bleeding. Proteins in the blood called clotting factors or coagulants help blood become sticky and clot. They change it from a liquid to a solid. As soon as you get a cut or the body starts to blee...
Prostate-Specific Antigen Does this test have other names? PSA What is this test? This test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. The cells of the prostate gland make the protein called PSA. Men normally have low levels of PSA. If your PSA levels start to rise, it could mean you have prostate cancer, benign prostate conditions, inflammation, or an infection. PSA testing is controversial because the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force discourages men who don't have any sy...
Protein S (Blood) What is this test? This test measures levels of protein S, a protein in the blood that helps prevent blood clots. Protein S works along with another protein in the blood, called protein C, to help your blood clot normally. If you don't have enough protein S in your blood, you have a condition called a protein S deficiency. This means that your blood may clot too much. Protein S deficiency is usually an inherited condition. You can inherit the abnormal (mutated) gene that reduces the le...
Protoporphyrin (Blood) Does this test have other names? Protoporphyrin, ZPP, zinc protoporphyrin test, erythrocyte protoporphyrin test What is this test? The protoporphyrin test is used to diagnose blood problems caused by lead. The test can show lead exposure or lead poisoning. Lead poisoning is extremely dangerous because lead can damage organs throughout the body. Lead poisoning does not always cause symptoms, so a blood test may be the only way to confirm lead exposure or poisoning. (Healthcare prov...
Protein Electrophoresis (Blood) Does this test have other names? Serum protein electrophoresis, SPEP What is this test? Protein electrophoresis is a test that measures specific proteins in the blood. The test separates proteins in the blood based on their electrical charge. The protein electrophoresis test is often used to find abnormal substances called M proteins. Protein electrophoresis also tests for other proteins and immunoglobulins. The presence of M proteins can be a sign of a type of cancer cal...
Protein C (Blood) Does this test have other names? No. What is this test? This test measures the level of protein C in your blood. Protein C helps your blood clot normally. If you have too little protein C (protein C deficiency), it means that your blood may clot too much. Problems with blood clotting can be quite serious and possibly fatal if a blood clot reaches the lungs (pulmonary embolism). Having too much protein C may not let your blood clot well. You may be at risk for bleeding. Protein C defici...
Prolactin (Blood) Does this test have other names? PRL test What is this test? This test measures the level of prolactin in your blood. Prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, which is in your brain. In women who are pregnant, prolactin stimulates the breasts to make breastmilk. If the prolactin-making cells in your pituitary gland begin to change (mutate) and grow out of control, they can form tumors (prolactinomas). Prolactinomas, also known as lactotroph adenomas, are usually not cancerou...
Proinsulin (Blood) Does this test have other names? No. What is this test? This blood test measures proinsulin, a building block for insulin. To turn food into energy, your pancreas makes proinsulin. Proinsulin, in turn, is made into insulin and another protein called C-peptide. Problems making insulin can lead to diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, your pancreas becomes damaged and has trouble making or controlling the amount of insulin in your body. In type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body become...
Progesterone Does this test have other names? Progesterone blood test, serum progesterone What is this test? This test measures the level of a hormone called progesterone in your blood. Your ovaries make progesterone after ovulation. The most important role of progesterone is to get your uterus ready so that it can receive, implant, and support a fertilized egg during pregnancy. Progesterone levels are usually low during the first stage (follicular stage) of your menstrual cycle. Ovulation is called the...
Prealbumin (Blood) Does this test have other names? PA, transthyretin test What is this test? The prealbumin screen is a blood test to see whether you are getting enough nutrition in your diet. Specifically, the test finds out if you have been getting enough protein. It also finds out whether you are at risk for malnutrition or already suffering from it. Prealbumin is a protein that is made mainly by your liver. Your body uses prealbumin to make other proteins. Prealbumin also carries thyroid hormones i...
Potassium Does this test have other names? Serum potassium, serum electrolytes, K What is this test? This is a blood test to measure the amount of potassium in your blood. Potassium is one of several important minerals in your body called electrolytes. Ninety percent of your potassium is inside your cells, but a small amount circulates in your blood. You normally get potassium from your diet. Your body needs a constant level of potassium for normal nerve conduction, muscle contraction, heart function, a...
Porphyrins (Urine) Does this test have other names? Mauzerall-Granick test What is this test? This test looks for chemicals called porphyrins in your urine. If you have high levels of these chemicals, you may have porphyria. Porphyria refers to a group of inherited or acquired diseases that prevent your body from properly making heme, the red pigment that contains iron. Heme is made in the bone marrow and liver. A large amount of heme is present as hemoglobin in red blood cells and bone marrow. Hemoglob...
Pneumocystis Jirovecii (Tissue, Fluid) Does this test have other names? P. jirovecii, PCP, pneumocystis pneumonia What is this test? This test looks for P. jirovecii fungus in your lung tissue or in fluid from a lung. P. jirovecii causes pneumocystis pneumonia. It is spread through the air from someone who is infected with it. Most people who are infected with P. jirovecii don't get pneumonia, though. People who do get it often have a weakened immune system. This can be because of: AIDS/HIV, cancer, or ...
Platelets Does this test have other names? Platelet count, thrombocyte count What is this test? This test measures the number of platelet cells in your blood. Platelets are disk-shaped cells that help your blood form clots. Platelets are also called thrombocytes. They are made in the spongy center of bones, called the bone marrow. About two-thirds of your platelets circulate in your blood all the time. They live for about 7 days. The number of platelets in your blood can give your healthcare provider va...
Platelet Antibody Does this test have other names? Antiplatelet antibody test What is this test? This test looks for platelet antibodies in your blood in order to find out the cause of a low platelet count. Platelets are the part of your blood mainly responsible for clotting. They are made in your bone marrow along with white and red blood cells. Platelets are actually just fragments of cells. They make up a small part of your blood volume, but they have an important health function. If you have platele...
Plasmodium (Blood) Does this test have other names? Malaria antibody detection What is this test? This test looks for Plasmodium parasites in your blood. The parasites cause malaria, a serious disease that can be fatal if left untreated. You can get the parasites if you are bitten by an infected mosquito. Malaria is common in most of the topics, including countries in South Asia, the South Pacific, parts of Central and South America, and areas of Africa. This test may also be able to tell which type of ...
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Does this test have other names? PKU screening, Guthrie assay, PKU test What is this test? This is a blood test to screen newborns for phenylketonuria (PKU), a condition that can cause brain damage and severe intellectual disability if it goes untreated. The problems usually appear in the first year of life, causing infants to appear unusually sleepy and listless. They may have difficulty feeding and develop a red, itchy rash similar to eczema. In addition, such babies typically ha...
Phosphorus Does this test have other names? Phosphorus blood test, phosphate test What is this test? This test measures the level of phosphorus in your blood. Phosphorus is a common mineral found in the food you eat. It's also found in teeth and bones. Having a high or low level of phosphorus in your bloodstream can signal a number of health conditions. Most commonly, a high level of phosphorus is related to a kidney disorder. It shows that your kidneys are having difficulty clearing phosphorus from you...
Phenytoin Does this test have other names? Dilantin test What is this test? This test monitors the level of the seizure medicine phenytoin (Dilantin) in your blood. Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medicine given to control seizures. Why do I need this test? If you take phenytoin, your healthcare provider must monitor your blood to make sure you are getting the correct dose. Too much can be toxic. Not enough leaves your seizures uncontrolled. You may have this test more often when you first start taking t...
Phenobarbital Does this test have other names? Phenobarbital drug monitoring, phenobarbital drug level What is this test? This test measures the amount of the medicine phenobarbital in your blood. Phenobarbital is used to treat epilepsy in children and adults. Epilepsy is a disease that causes brain seizures or convulsions. Phenobarbital may be used to treat different types of seizures, including tonic-clonic, complex, partial, or myoclonic seizures. Other names for medicines containing phenobarbital in...
Parvovirus Does this test have other names? Parvovirus B19-specific IgG antibody, parvovirus B19 IgM, parvovirus B19 antibody What is this test? This is a blood test to check for current or past infections with parvovirus 19. This virus causes the common children's illness known as fifth disease (erythema infectiosum). The virus usually causes only mild illness in children. It can be dangerous for pregnant women or people with a weakened immune system. This is because they may not have the antibodies to...
Parathyroid Hormone Does this test have other names? Parathyroid hormone assay, parathyrin, parathormone, PTH-C-Terminal What is this test? This test measures a substance called parathyroid hormone (PTH) in your blood. PTH is made by four tiny parathyroid glands in your neck. PTH circulates in your blood and is needed to regulate the level of calcium in your blood. Your heart, bones, nervous system, and kidneys need a normal calcium level in the blood to work the way they should. If your calcium level i...
Pap Does this test have other names? Pap smear, cervical cytology, Papanicolaou test, Pap smear test, vaginal smear technique What is this test? This test check the cells from inside the cervix for any changes that could lead to cancer. The cervix is the lower part of a woman's uterus that opens into the vagina. This test is named after Georgios Papanicolaou, MD, one of the doctors who developed this technique of testing for cervical cancer. Why do I need this test? The Pap test is most often used as a ...
Pancreatic Polypeptide Does this test have other names? Plasma pancreatic polypeptide, PP, human pancreatic polypeptide What is this test? This test measures a substance in your blood called pancreatic polypeptide. Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by cells in your pancreas. People who have neuroendocrine tumors have higher levels of this substance. These tumors can be functional or nonfunctional. Nonfunctional tumors are more common. They are called nonfunctional because they secrete substances that d...
Preventing MRSA in Athletes Drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (staph) infections are a hazard for athletes of all ages. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , commonly known as MRSA, is a type of bacterial infection resistant to common antibiotics such as penicillin. These staph bacteria most often cause minor skin infections in young athletes, but if untreated, it may invade the bloodstream and become a life-threatening infection. Millions of people see their doctor for MRSA skin infections e...
Proctectomy Proctectomy is a surgical operation to remove all or part of the rectum. It is often needed to treat rectal cancer. If you have been diagnosed with rectal cancer, your treatment will depend on where and how far along your cancer is, as well as other factors. But for most people with rectal cancer, some type of proctectomy procedure will be needed. A proctectomy may also be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Procedure overview Proctectomy can be done in several ways. The type that you ...
PEG Tube Placement What is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube? A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is a feeding tube surgically placed through your abdomen into your stomach. It’s placed using a lighted flexible scope called an endoscope. The endoscope lets your surgeon to see inside your stomach as the procedure is done. The PEG tube can stay in your stomach for months or years so you can take fluids, medicines, and nutrition through it when you can’t take in enough by mouth. O...
Pediatric Appendectomy (Removal of a Child's Appendix) Procedure overview A pediatric appendectomy is a surgery to remove a child's appendix. The appendix is a small pouch that's attached to the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen. The appendectomy may be done as an open surgery, which involves cutting into the abdomen and directly removing the organ. Or it may be done through one or several smaller incisions (cuts) using a camera and small instruments. This is called a laparoscopic s...
Pneumocystis Pneumonia or PCP What is pneumocystis pneumonia? Pneumocystis pneumonia or PCP is a fungal infection in one or both lungs. It is common in people who have a weak immune system, such as people who have AIDS. The disease is less common in the U.S. than it used to be. When it occurs, you need medical attention right away. What causes PCP? The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci causes PCP. Many people live with this fungus in their lungs every day. It’s common all over the world. It usually causes li...
Preventing Opportunistic Infections in HIV/AIDS HIV attacks the cells of your body's immune system. You need a strong immune system to fight off germs like bacteria and viruses, so having HIV may give those germs a better opportunity to make you sick. When germs take advantage of your weakened defense system, they are called opportunistic infections. Opportunistic infections that other people might fight off easily could make you really sick if you have HIV. Getting one or more of these infections could...
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows you to decide when you will get a dose of pain medicine. In some situations, PCA may be a better way of providing pain relief than calling for someone — typically a nurse — to administer pain medicine. You don't need to wait for a nurse, and you can get smaller doses of pain medicine more often. With this type of pain treatment, a needle attached to an intravenous (IV) line is placed into 1 o...
Palliative Care Methods for Controlling Pain Palliative care is used to manage a disease or medical condition that is serious or life-threatening, primarily by easing pain and other associated physical, emotional, or psychosocial symptoms. Palliative care also eases other distressing symptoms, like depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, and shortness of breath. Palliative care provides advanced care planning and a support system to help you live a life that is as active, fulfilling, and as pain-free as...
Paranasal Sinus Tumors A paranasal sinus tumor is a cancer that has grown inside your sinuses, the open spaces behind your nose. Click to Enlarge This tumor can begin in the cells of the membranes, bones, or nerves that line the area. You might not know or even suspect that a tumor is growing until it spreads. The sooner you get a diagnosis and start treatment, the better your chances of beating the cancer are likely to be. Causes of paranasal sinus tumors Not all paranasal sinus tumors have known cause...
Pregnancy and Oral Health Throughout pregnancy, women may worry about their waistlines and fret about food. You take prenatal vitamins, see your healthcare provider often, get regular exercise, and avoid alcohol and smoking — all in the name of a healthy pregnancy. And, ultimately, a healthy baby. Something you might not associate with a healthy pregnancy is dental care. But regular dental checkups and cleanings, along with brushing and flossing often, are important for a healthy mouth and a healthy pre...
Palliative Care: Bringing Comfort When people hear the term palliative care , many assume that it's a treatment only for someone who is dying. But palliative care can also be used to bring physical and emotional comfort to anyone with a serious illness. Palliative care can benefit any patient at any age. And any stage of his or her illness. Overview Palliative care focuses on improving a patient’s quality of life by improving the symptoms of his or her illness, like pain, shortness of breath, and diffic...
Pregnancy and Posture Why is good posture important in pregnancy? Much of the back pain experienced throughout pregnancy is related to the strain on your back from the weight of your growing baby. Using proper posture can help prevent and even relieve some of the pain. Here are some tips to help you maintain good posture in various positions. What is proper posture during pregnancy? When your body is in alignment — when you use proper posture — you can imagine a straight line running from your ears to y...
Pregnancy and Skin Changes For many women, pregnancy brings glowing skin, rosy cheeks, and shiny hair. Others, however, can experience skin changes that aren’t so attractive, including acne, dark spots, and stretch marks. Here are some of the common skin conditions in pregnancy, along with some practical tips on managing those that can be troublesome. Acne Increased blood flow and oil production are the factors behind the radiant pregnancy glow. That radiance sometimes comes with a price, as the increas...
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy What is progressive supranuclear palsy? Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a complex condition that affects the brain. Progressive means that the condition’s symptoms will keep worsening over time. Supranuclear refers to the region of the brain affected by the disorder — the section above two small areas called nuclei. Palsy is a disorder that results in weakness of certain muscles. PSP affects your ability to walk normally by impairing your balance. It also affects t...
Parasomnias: Sleepwalking What is sleepwalking? Sleepwalking refers to a type of sleep disorder that involves walking while in a deep sleep. But despite the name, sleepwalking can actually refer to more than that. The term can also be used for performing other activities while deep in sleep, such as sitting up in bed, opening the refrigerator, preparing food, or even driving while asleep. But walking around the house while in deep sleep is one of the most common activities performed. Sleepwalking can be...
Prion Diseases What are prion diseases? Prion diseases comprise several conditions. A prion is a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. Prion diseases can affect both humans and animals and are sometimes transmitted to humans by infected meat products. The most common form of prion disease that affects humans is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Prion diseases are rare. About 300 cases are reported each year in the U.S. Types of prion diseases include: CJD. A pe...
Pseudotumor Cerebri What is pseudotumor cerebri? Pseudotumor cerebri is a disorder related to high pressure in the brain. It causes signs and symptoms of a brain tumor. The term “pseudo” means false. Pseudotumor cerebri is also called intracranial hypertension or benign intracranial hypertension. The fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and brain is called cerebrospinal fluid or CSF. If too much fluid is produced or not enough is re-absorbed, the CSF can build up. This can cause symptoms like those of a...
Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that interferes with your brain's ability to operate your body. It can be disabling. Evidence suggests that the disease happens when your immune system attacks a substance called myelin. Myelin acts as a type of insulation on your nerve cells. This process can lead to damage in and around the nerves in your brain and spinal cord, as well as nerves involved in your vision. There are 4 disease courses that have been identified in ...
Peripheral Neuropathy What is peripheral neuropathy? Peripheral neuropathy is a type of damage to the nervous system -- more specifically, a problem with your peripheral nervous system. This is the network of nerves that transmits information from your central nervous system (your brain and spinal cord) to the rest of your body. ANerv_20140304_v0_002 There are more than 100 types of peripheral neuropathy, each with its own set of symptoms and prognosis. To help doctors classify them, they are often brok...
Parkinson Disease and Dementia What is Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease is a movement disorder that can cause your muscles to tighten and become rigid, making it difficult to walk and engage in daily activities. People with Parkinson’s disease also experience tremors and may ultimately develop cognitive problems, including memory loss and dementia. Parkinson disease is most common in people who are older than 50; the average age at which it occurs is 60. But some younger people may also get Parkinso...
Polio What is polio? Previous generations of Americans had reason to fear poliomyelitis, most often called polio. The disease, which is spread by a virus, can cause paralysis. The disease is now rare in the U.S. because of a vaccine against the virus. However, polio still exists in a few countries. People who have not been vaccinated can get it while traveling to a region where the disease still occurs. Polio can take several different forms: Inapparent polio. Most cases are this type. When people have ...
Polymyositis What is polymyositis? Polymyositis is a disease that causes muscles to become irritated and inflamed. The muscles eventually start to break down and become weak. The condition can affect muscles all over the body. This can make even simple movements difficult. Polymyositis is one disease in a group of diseases called inflammatory myopathies. What causes polymyositis? The exact cause of polymyositis is not known. It most often happens in people ages 31 to 60. It rarely occurs in people young...
Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is high blood pressure of the portal vein. The portal vein is in your stomach. It collects nutrient-rich blood from your intestines and carries it to the liver. The liver cleans the blood for your body to use. When you have portal hypertension, the increased pressure means it is harder for the blood from the liver to flow through the portal vein to travel back to the heart. This means it has to use smaller veins in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The body ...
Pancreas Transplantation Pancreas transplantation is a type of surgery in which you receive a healthy donor pancreas. A pancreas transplant is an option for some people with type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas stops producing the hormone insulin. The usual treatment for type 1 diabetes involves daily injections of insulin. During a pancreas transplant, you’ll receive a healthy pancreas from a donor who has died. If you have kidney failure from your diabetes, y...
Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis is one of a group of interstitial lung diseases caused by breathing in certain kinds of dust particles that damage your lungs. Because you are likely to encounter these dusts only in the workplace, pneumoconiosis is called an occupational lung disease. Pneumoconiosis usually take years to develop. Because your lungs can't get rid of all these dust particles, they cause inflammation in your lungs that can eventually lead to scar tissue. Types of pneumoconiosis The disease ap...
Physical Rehabilitation at the Hospital If you are in the hospital recovering from surgery, healing from an injury, or being treated for a disabling medical condition, physical rehabilitation may be an important part of your treatment. Physical medicine and rehabilitation, or simply rehab, is a branch of medicine called physiatry. Physical therapy You may need this type of treatment for any condition that affects your nerves, muscles, bones, or brain and is causing you temporary or permanent disability....
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